An electric boiler is a heating device that uses electrical energy rather than burning fossil fuel (like gas, oil, or coal) to heat water and/or generate steam. The principle is simple: electrical current flows through heating elements (resistive heating) or via electrodes in some designs, and these elements convert electrical energy into heat. The heated water or steam is then circulated through a heating system (radiators, underfloor heating, process equipment) or used directly (e.g. for hot water production). Because there is no combustion, there are no flue gases, chimney, or fuel storage required. Electric boilers are found in both residential/commercial settings (for space heating & domestic hot water) and in industrial settings (for process steam, sterilization, humidification etc.).