Analog integrated circuits (ICs) are semiconductor chips designed to process continuous, real-world signals—such as voltage, current, temperature, and sound—rather than digital, discrete logic levels. They typically include components like amplifiers (op-amps, instrumentation amps), voltage references, comparators, filters, and data converters (ADCs/DACs). Analog ICs are foundational in signal conditioning, sensor interfacing, power management, and communication front-ends. Key features include low noise, high precision, wide bandwidth, and stable operation over temperature. Common applications span audio